![]() ![]() Furthermore, we aimed to analyze the consistency of the reported associations. Hence, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a detailed overview of the current state of research regarding factors associated with (“correlates”) or influencing (“determinants”) CRF among the general adult population. ![]() Knowledge about the various pathways leading to the development of fitness is essential for creating appropriate interventions. Moreover, although researchers have systematically reviewed the factors associated with PA, to our knowledge, there has been no systematic review of the factors associated with CRF. Although initial attempts have been made to develop a model of CRF and its determinants, so far, there is no comprehensive model or framework that incorporates a wide range of influencing factors and the interrelations among them, as has been done in models of obesity and PA. A growing body of work links CRF to factors such as age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), educational status, and the residential built environment. ![]() In addition to hereditary determinants and PA, many other individual and environmental factors are presumed to influence CRF. CRF is known to be partly genetically determined. īecause of the importance of CRF in NCD prevention, it is crucial to better understand the correlates and determinants of CRF in the general population. Among the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), poor CRF has been found to be the most powerful predictor of morbidity. In addition to predicting all-cause mortality, low CRF is an established predictor of cancer mortality, depression, and metabolic syndrome. Over the past 30 years, research has shown that the positive effects of enhanced physical fitness, and especially CRF, are comparable to or even greater than those of PA. CRF is usually measured using treadmill or ergometer exercise tests and is often expressed as maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max), whereas PA is often assessed through self-report. Therefore, PA and CRF are related, but not identical. Whereas PA is behavioral and can be described as any bodily movement that is produced by skeletal muscles and requires energy exposure, CRF is a trait and is defined as the ability of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems to supply oxygen during prolonged moderate-to-vigorous dynamic exercise. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is another dimension of physical health linked to beneficial health outcomes. PA has been linked to positive health outcomes, such as lower risks of ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and depression, and to a reduction in all-cause mortality. Systematic Review RegistrationĪ key aspect of the global strategy to tackle non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is the promotion of physical activity (PA) and the reduction of sedentary behavior. Beyond the scope of this review, environmental and interpersonal determinants should be further investigated. In synthesizing the current research on the correlates and determinants of CRF among adults, this systematic review identified gaps in the current understanding of factors influencing CRF. Male sex, age (inverse), education, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, body mass index (inverse), body weight (inverse), waist circumference, body fat (inverse), resting heart rate (inverse), C-reactive protein (inverse), smoking (inverse), alcohol consumption, and multiple measures of leisure-time physical activity were independently and consistently associated with CRF. Study quality scores assessing the risk of bias in the individual studies ranged from 40 to 100%. Almost all of these studies were conducted in high-income countries. ![]() We identified 3005 studies, 78 of which met the inclusion criteria. Using a semi-quantitative approach, we compiled summary tables aggregating the study results for each potential correlate or determinant of CRF. We included quantitative observational studies of the general adult population. Eligible indicators of CRF were objectively assessed measures of CRF by submaximal or maximal exercise testing measured using treadmill or cycle ergometer tests. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and also conducted a search for grey literature (Google Scholar). Hence, the aim of this review was to provide a detailed overview of the current state of research regarding individual factors associated with or influencing CRF among the general adult population. Knowledge about the pathways leading to enhanced CRF is essential for developing appropriate interventions. Enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now a well-established predictor of numerous adverse health outcomes. ![]()
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